CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
v General description of Ing Construction
The '-ing' form of the verb may be a present
participle or a gerund. The form is identical,
the difference is in the function, or the job the word does in the sentence.
a.
Gerunds
Gerunds
are verbals that function as nouns and have an –ing ending. Since
gerunds are derived from verbs and have an –ing ending, they do express
action. However, because gerunds function as nouns, they occupy slots
traditionally held by nouns in sentences such as subjects, direct objects and
objects of prepositions. Gerunds may occur as one word, or they may be part of
a gerund phrase.
b.
Present
Participle
Present
participles have an –ing ending.
CHAPTER
II
CONTENT
v Ing Construction Translation
1.
Gerunds
Translation
Use appropriate
gerunds in the following sentences.
a.
The Simple
Gerund
The gerund is
the –ing form of the verb used as a noun. Notice that the gerund has the same
form as the present participle. However, it functions differently in the
sentences. It is always a noun and can function in any noun position.
§ Gerund, functioning as subject (Nouns)
If a sentences begins with (verb + ing) (Gerund), the verb
must also be singular.
Examples :
1)
Eating is
my most beneficial summer activity.
2)
Knowing her has made him what he is.
3)
Jogging is very good in the morning.
4)
Not studying has caused him many problems.
5)
Washing with a special cream is recommended for scalp infections.
6)
Being cordial is one of his greatest assets.
7)
Reading many comic makes her happy.
8)
Jogging is very good for the body.
9)
Smoking is
prohibited in the hospital.
10) Eating people is wrong
§ Gerund, functioning as direct object
Examples :
1)
Luna enjoys swimming
2)
The Mario
family loves cooking for relatives.
3)
cole’s
favourite outdoor activity is skiing
4)
jane and janny
enjoy dancing
5)
aldo enjoys camping.
6)
He like fishing
§ Gerund, functioning as object of preposition
Examples :
1)
We will get good grades by studying.
2)
Reno hoped to obtain a job by learning
the welding trade.
3)
I am able to
earn money by working in the campus library.
4)
I am tired of
arguing.
5)
Morgan will go to the Borobudur Temple after working.
6)
Kate insisted on
coming with us.
7)
We talked about
going to Canada for our vacation.
8)
Sue is in
charge of organizing the meeting.
9)
I’m interested in
learning more about your work.
10)
Patric isn’t interested in looking for a new
job.
b.
The Gerund
Phrase
While a gerund
functions as a noun, it also retains some of the characteristics of a verb.
Although it may have adjective modifiers like a noun (usually before it), it
may also have adverbial modifiers like a verb (usually after it). If a noun or
pronoun precedes a gerund, it must be in the possessive, or adjectival, form.
In this section and the next, the gerund phrase is italicized.
The verb in a
gerund phrase is reduced to participial form. All participial forms may
function as gerunds except the –ed past participle : the most common
form, however, is the –ing present participle.
The “subject” of a gerund may be found in another part of the
sentences or it may be understood. A “subject” that is contained within the
gerund phrase takes inflected possessive form, prepositional form, or unchanged
form. The “object” of a gerund is unchanged or is contained within an of
phrase. By means of such changes in the nominal elements of a simple sentence,
these elements may be strung along after the verb as prepositional phrases.
Thus, the simple sentence The hunters shot the birds can become the
gerund phrase the shooting of the birds (original object) by the
hunters (original Subject).
These changes
from subject – predicate form also permit the gerund phrase to be embedded as a
noun within another predication – The shooting of the birds by the hunters caused her great distress. The
gerund functions as noun head of the gerund phrase, the transformed “subject”
and “object” as adjectival modifiers.
§ Gerund phrase, functioning as subject
While a gerunds functions as a noun, it also retains some of the
Examples :
1)
Eating on the
run is one of the most unhealthy American habits.
2)
Going on a
cruise and climbing Mt. Rushmore
were Rachel’s summer vacation plans.
3)
Watching the
birds is one of Mr. Martin’s hobbies.
4)
Working out
daily should be an essential part of
American life.
5)
Her cleaning
the house every day is not
necessary.
6)
Listening to
the radio is good practice in understanding
English.
§ Gerund phrase, functioning as direct object
Examples :
1)
The teacher
simply cannot excuse sleeping during class.
2)
Her husband
appreciates her cleaning the house every day.
3)
Dyra enjoys camping
in the mountains.
4)
When Beth got
tired, she stopped studying the participle phrase in English.
5)
I appreciate
Ariana’s going to the hospital with me.
6)
We finished eating
around seven.
7)
The Wilsons
attended camping in Yellowstone National Park last summer.
§ Gerund phrase, functioning as object of preposition
Examples :
1)
We found the
keys by looking on the ground next to the car.
2)
Her husband
insist on her cleaning the house every day.
3)
I am tired of
arguing with my advisor.
4)
Ken went to bed
instead of finishing his work.
5)
Pat turned off
the tape recorder by pushing the stop button.
6)
Connie has
developed a method for evaluating this problem.
7)
We are
interested in seeing this film.
8)
He spoke of the
necessity of hiring more man.
2.
Present
Participles Translation
A participle is usually formed by
adding –ing to a verb.
a.
The Simple
Participle
The Present Participle (the –ing
form of the verb) may be used in sentences as adjective modifiers. It may
modify nouns occurring in any position in the sentences.
§ It functions as an adjectives.
The present participle [verb + ing] is used as an adjective
when the noun it modifiers performs or is responsible for an action. The verb
is usually intransitive (it doesn’t take an object) and the verb form of the
sentence is the progressive (continuous) aspect.
Examples :
1)
The singing bird was the main
attraction at the event.
2)
The running water
provided a picturesque view.
3)
The sewing
machine is out of order.
4)
The crying
baby woke Mr. Binion.
5)
The purring
kitten snuggled close the fireplace.
6)
The blooming
flowers in the meadow created a rainbow of colors.
b.
The Present
Participle Phrases
A present
participle phrase (one containing a [verb + ing] without auxiliaries) can be
used to join two sentences with a common subject. When the two phrases do not
share a common subject, we call the present participle phrase an illogical
present participle modifier. Actually, the subject of the present participle
phrase is understood rather than explicit.
The present
participle phrase represents the predicate part of a sentence beginning with
the verb in reduced –ing form. The “subject” of a present participle
phrase is usually a noun or pronoun in the main clause (or in a dependent
clause).
For example :
1)
After jumping
out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
2)
After preparing
the dinner, Michelle will read a book.
3)
By working a
ten – hour day for four days, we can have a long weekend.
4)
While reviewing
for the test, Marcia realized that she had forgotten to study the use of
participial phrases.
5)
The boy studying
his lesson is the teacher’s son.
6)
The boy wearing
the red shirt is Jerry Webster.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
After learn the ing form construction above, so we can get
conclusion about there are two kinds of the ing form construction are Gerunds
and Present Participle.
Gerunds are verbs that act or function as nouns. In other words,
they are ‘noun-like verbs’. In English, these are some of the examples of words
and phrases that are usually followed by gerunds: go, love, mind, enjoy, avoid,
suggest, discuss, mention, complain about, dream about, think about, talk
about, (be) worried about, (be) excited about, apologize for, (be) responsible
for, believe in, succeed in, (be) interested in, look forward to, (be) capable
of, instead of, take advantage of, take care of, insist on, in addition to,
(be) committed to, object to, (be) used to, (be) opposed to, (be) accustomed
to, prevent from, prohibit from, stop from.
In Gerunds there are two discussion are the simple gerund and the
gerund phrase. In the simple gerund and the gerund phrase it function as a
subject (Noun), direct object and object of preposition.
And then Present Participle is one of the two types of participle
in English (forms such as writing,
singing and raising; these same forms also serve as gerunds and verbal nouns).
The
present participle is used as an adjective when the noun it modifiers performs
or is responsible for an action.
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